Last updated: October 15, 2026
EM Protocols is a clinical decision support tool designed exclusively for use by trained healthcare professionals, including emergency physicians, advanced practice providers, nurses, residents, and medical students.
This tool is not a substitute for professional medical judgment. The information provided is intended as a reference aid and should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decisions. Users are responsible for independently verifying all information against institutional protocols, current medical literature, and their own clinical assessment of individual patients.
This tool is not intended for use by patients or the general public and does not establish a provider–patient relationship.
Answers provided by EM Protocols are generated by Google Gemini 2.0 Flash, a large language model, using Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). The system retrieves relevant excerpts from indexed sources and synthesizes a response with inline citations.
AI-generated responses have not been reviewed by a human and may contain errors, omissions, or inaccuracies. Content may not reflect the most current medical evidence or institutional guidelines. The AI may occasionally misinterpret source material or produce responses that appear plausible but are incorrect.
Users should always review cited sources directly and exercise independent clinical judgment before acting on any information provided by this tool.
EMA Topics articles (pages under /topics) are written by a large language model (Anthropic Claude) from cited guidelines, published studies, drug labels and open educational sources, and are added and updated automatically.
EMA Topics articles are not for clinical use. Unless an article states that it was reviewed by a named physician on a stated date, it has not been reviewed by any clinician and may contain errors, omissions or outdated information, including incorrect drug doses. Articles are educational material only. Do not use them to diagnose, treat or make decisions about any patient. Verify all information, especially doses, against current drug labeling, institutional protocols and primary sources.
EMA Topics is intended for healthcare professionals. It is publicly accessible but is not medical advice for patients or the public. If you are a patient with a health concern, contact a clinician; in an emergency, call your local emergency number.
Articles may change at any time without notice; each shows the date it was last updated. Images credited to third parties remain under their own licenses, as stated beneath each image.
EM Protocols and all content, services, and outputs are provided "as is" and "as available" without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, accuracy, completeness, or non-infringement.
The developers of EM Protocols, its contributors, and affiliated organizations do not warrant that the service will be uninterrupted, error-free, or that defects will be corrected. Use of this tool is at your own risk.
In no event shall the developers, contributors, or affiliated organizations be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, consequential, special, or exemplary damages, including but not limited to damages for personal injury, loss of data, or other intangible losses, arising out of or in connection with the use of or inability to use this tool, even if advised of the possibility of such damages. The clinician end user is solely responsible for all decisions regarding medical diagnosis and treatment for any person under their care.
EM Protocols retrieves information from the following sources. All content is stored in a search index and served as cited excerpts with attribution — it is not used to train AI models.
Proprietary — uploaded by authorized institutional administrators. Department-specific clinical protocols, pathways, and guidelines.
Content from wikem.org, the “Wikipedia of Emergency Medicine,” licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0. A project of the OpenEM Foundation.
Full-text peer-reviewed emergency medicine articles from PubMed Central Open Access Subset. Individual articles carry their own Creative Commons or public domain licenses. Journals include Annals of Emergency Medicine, Academic Emergency Medicine, Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, and others.
Content from litfl.com, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. Emergency medicine, critical care, toxicology, and ECG education.
Content from rebelem.com by Salim Rezaie, MD, licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 3.0. Evidence-based emergency medicine reviews.
Paucis Verbis (PV) Cards and MEdIC Series from aliem.com, licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 3.0. Clinical reference cards and medical education case discussions.
EM Protocols uses Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), not AI model training. Source content is stored in a search index and retrieved as verbatim excerpts with citations. Content is not ingested into model weights, is not modified, and can be removed from the index at any time upon request.
This tool is used for educational and clinical decision support purposes only and is not operated commercially.